{
 "checked":"2026-10-20",
 "sources":[
  {"id":"science","title":"Science in Yorùbá · subject resources and terminology","url":"https://scienceinyoruba.org/","date":"Live resource checked 20 October 2026"},
  {"id":"languages","title":"UNESCO · Languages matter: global guidance on multilingual education","url":"https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/languages-matter-global-guidance-multilingual-education","date":"2025"},
  {"id":"glass","title":"Rehren, Babalola, Dussubieux & McIntosh · Ilé-Ifẹ̀ glass research","url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1558828/","date":"2017; archaeological evidence, eleventh–fifteenth centuries"},
  {"id":"ife","title":"The Met · Ife Terracottas (1000–1400 A.D.)","url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/ife-terracottas-1000-1400-a-d","date":"2001 historical interpretation"},
  {"id":"ifa","title":"UNESCO · Ifa divination system","url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ifa-divination-system-00146","date":"Proclaimed 2005; inscribed 2008"},
  {"id":"iita","title":"IITA · research and delivery in Nigeria","url":"https://iita.org/nigeria/","date":"Institutional page checked 20 October 2026"},
  {"id":"cassava","title":"IITA · cassava processing demonstration in Ibadan","url":"https://iita.org/news-item/watea-stakeholders-explore-iita-cassava-processing-technology/","date":"14 February 2025"},
  {"id":"yorulect","title":"YORULECT · research on four regional Yorùbá varieties","url":"https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.251/","date":"EMNLP 2024"},
  {"id":"ethics","title":"UNESCO · Recommendation on the Ethics of AI","url":"https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/recommendation-ethics","date":"Adopted 2021; current resource checked 20 October 2026"},
  {"id":"biosafety","title":"NBMA · containment, risk analysis and gene-editing guidance","url":"https://nbma.gov.ng/our-guidelines/","date":"Current catalogue checked 20 October 2026; document dates vary"},
  {"id":"benefits","title":"Convention on Biological Diversity · Nagoya Protocol, Article 7","url":"https://www.cbd.int/abs/text/articles/default.shtml?sec=abs-07","date":"Treaty text, 2010"},
  {"id":"akintoye","title":"S. Adebanji Akintoye · A History of the Yoruba People","url":"https://www.amalion.net/catalogue/a-history-of-the-yoruba-people/","date":"2010 · wider historical reading"},
  {"id":"ogundiran","title":"Akinwumi Ogundiran · The Yorùbá: A New History","url":"https://iupress.org/9780253051523/the-yoruba/","date":"2020 · wider historical reading"}
 ],
 "history":[
  ["Governance and administration","Ọ̀bà / Ìgbómìnà traditions, Ilé-Ifẹ̀ kingship and Ọ̀yọ́ institutions offer different historical questions. A general history does not establish that all city-states followed a uniform welfare model.","Train public administrators; publish budgets, decision rights and service standards. Study inherited institutions alongside constitutional equality and contemporary accountability.","Compare oral accounts, archaeology and scholarship; no automatic transfer of hereditary authority to modern public office."],
  ["Trade and commerce","Markets and exchange networks connect towns, craft production and wider regions. Claims about a specific town’s direct trans-Saharan trade need place-specific evidence.","Market infrastructure, transparent weights, warehousing, producer cooperatives, trade fairs, logistics and multilingual business education.","Measure freight cost, payment delays, producer margins and access for women traders; acknowledge coercion and slavery in historical trade."],
  ["Art, glass and craftsmanship","Ilé-Ifẹ̀ terracotta and copper-alloy sculpture and archaeological glass-working evidence demonstrate specialised technical skill. Copper, brass and bronze are not interchangeable material labels.","Paid apprenticeships, conservation, design schools, artisan cooperatives, testing laboratories, beadwork, carving, textiles and creative exports.","Attribute designs and makers; protect cultural permissions; assess demand and income rather than assuming heritage guarantees sales."],
  ["Metallurgy and engineering","Metalworking and casting belong to historical productive life; particular dates and technologies need archaeological evidence.","Connect craft skills with foundries, toolmaking, metrology, repair, welding, material testing and modern engineering training.","Workplace safety, emissions, quality standards and viable orders determine whether a workshop can scale."],
  ["Agriculture and food systems","Farming supported settlement and exchange. Modern evidence includes IITA’s Ibadan research and cassava-processing work; it does not validate every historical productivity claim.","Extension, soil testing, seeds, irrigation maintenance, storage, cold chains, food safety, processing and farmer-owned services.","Track net farm income and food losses alongside yield; protect land users and biodiversity."],
  ["Urbanism and architecture","Palaces, courtyards, markets, earthworks and urban archaeology offer evidence of settlement organisation; a uniformly planned city cannot be assumed from a grand description.","Climate-responsive buildings, drainage, walkable markets, affordable housing and conservation-led reuse with local builders.","Access, flood exposure, maintenance, displacement and archaeological protection shape design decisions."],
  ["Language, oral literature and philosophy","Oríkì, Ifá and other oral traditions carry artistry and knowledge through living people. Traditions vary and require contextual interpretation.","Publishing, libraries, film, games, teacher development, translation, recorded performance and community-owned archives.","Consent, attribution, dialect inclusion and paid review; distinguish a documented tradition from an empirically tested claim."]
 ],
 "subjects":[
  ["History & civic studies","Local, African, diaspora and global histories; governance, rights and civic responsibility."],
  ["Language & literature","Grammar, tone marks, composition, oral and written literature; English, French and neighbouring languages as bridges."],
  ["Agriculture & environment","Farming, agribusiness, ecology, conservation and resource stewardship."],
  ["Health & physical education","Nutrition, hygiene, disease prevention, reproductive health, movement and mental wellbeing, reviewed by qualified educators."],
  ["Economics & financial literacy","Household finance, enterprise accounts, markets, contracts, management and consumer protection."],
  ["Digital literacy & technology","Safe internet use, coding, data literacy, practical repair and responsible innovation."],
  ["Arts & cultural practice","Visual arts, music, theatre, dance, design and the business of creative work."],
  ["Ethics & comparative religion","Ọmọlúàbí, integrity, care and respectful comparative study; freedom of belief and no compelled religious practice."],
  ["Politics, law & international relations","Institutions, justice, rights, diplomacy and evidence-based public reasoning."],
  ["Geography & earth sciences","Landforms, climate, human geography, GIS, remote sensing and spatial evidence."]
 ],
 "phases":[
  ["Years 1–2","Organise and test","Audit existing resources; assemble subject specialists, linguists and teachers; agree terminology and open licences; commission textbooks, practical lessons, audio and offline materials; fund teacher practice and small trials.","Public glossary with definitions, pronunciation, context, variants and version history; baseline learning assessment; costed pilot and named owners."],
  ["Years 3–5","Pilot and improve","Use willing urban and rural schools; train and support teachers; link classroom experiments with community problems, workshops and local industries; evaluate before expansion.","Comprehension and retention compared with baseline; practical work quality; teacher workload; inclusion and cost per learner."],
  ["Years 6–10","Expand working models","Scale successful teaching and vocational pathways; strengthen existing universities and research centres; add laboratories where maintenance and staffing are funded; build accessible online and offline publishing.","Employment and apprenticeship retention, reusable course materials, research outputs, equipment uptime and rural access."],
  ["Years 11–20","Sustain and deepen","Review the curriculum, update scientific terminology, secure recurrent funding and endowments, deepen specialisation and replace programmes that underperform.","Learning, real earnings, research quality, enterprise survival and equitable access across communities and generations."]
 ],
 "ifa_programme":[
  ["Education","Age-appropriate literature, history, philosophy and comparative religion; practitioner-led advanced study. Develop books, translations, audio, video and workbooks. Teacher training is not priestly initiation."],
  ["Community","Paid workshops with practitioners and scholars, voluntary festivals and recitation, youth participation and community feedback. Ask custodians what can be taught or recorded publicly."],
  ["Research & archives","Document variants, performances and context; commission field research and critical editions; retain restricted-access material where required. Build on existing institutions before founding new ones."],
  ["Livelihoods","Conservation, guided visits, art, craft, publishing and film can support livelihoods when communities set terms. Sacred rites are not automatically tourism products or merchandise."],
  ["Digital access","Learning platforms, annotated collections, audio and optional virtual or augmented reality. Label reconstruction; never present generated verses as inherited authority."],
  ["Policy & international exchange","UNESCO recognition already exists: proclamation in 2005, inscription in 2008. Prioritise safeguarding, cultural rights, grants and scholarly exchange; intangible listing differs from World Heritage site status."],
  ["Evaluation","Track learner understanding, practitioner remuneration, archive permissions, conservation and local benefit—not simply visitor totals or a count of files digitised."]
 ],
 "technology":[
  ["1 · Heritage, language & resources","Consented archives, translation, transcription, tutoring and resource mapping; evaluate by dialect, meaning and actual user need.","Traditional dyes, food and medicinal knowledge may inspire research. Existing cultural practice is not automatically synthetic biology.","Named custodians; permission and benefit-sharing; no inferred mineral reserve from an AI map."],
  ["2 · Education & research","Teacher support, learning diagnostics and open technical terminology; strengthen laboratories, universities and vocational centres.","Bioscience curricula, contained research facilities and appropriately trained staff.","Qualified instruction, funded maintenance and assessment before scale."],
  ["3 · Enterprise & manufacturing","Quality inspection, scheduling, predictive maintenance, incubators and SME access to markets and finance.","Fermentation, bioplastics and pharmaceutical manufacturing are different technical and regulatory pathways.","A paying customer, reproducible process, product approval and viable cost structure."],
  ["4 · Community & cultural integration","Local-language workshops, participatory design and accessible public communication.","Explain benefits, uncertainties and proposed uses before seeking community participation.","Informed participation, grievance routes and inclusion of minority voices."],
  ["5 · Policy & global collaboration","Data governance, transparent procurement, international research and carefully designed incentives.","Institutional biosafety, risk assessment, containment and applicable approvals.","Independently reviewable rules; incentives linked to performance, with expiry and clawback."],
  ["6 · Environment & climate","Wildlife monitoring, flood risk, energy optimisation and environmental enforcement support.","Bioremediation, algae and engineered restoration are research-dependent options, not ready-made release plans.","Validate local data; ecological assessment and regulatory approval before environmental use."],
  ["7 · Heritage & tourism","Digital museums, virtual tours, AR interpretation and artisan design assistance.","Bio-derived fabrics and pigments can be investigated where quality and lifecycle benefits are demonstrated.","Conservation first; accurate provenance; custodians control restricted knowledge."],
  ["8 · Healthcare & traditional knowledge","Document permitted knowledge and investigate service improvement. Clinical AI requires local validation and accountable professionals.","Drug discovery, vaccines, tissues and personalised treatments are regulated research and manufacturing programmes.","A historical remedy is not proof of safety or efficacy; clinical trials, consent, product regulation and benefit-sharing matter."],
  ["9 · Farming & food security","Crop monitoring, irrigation, soil advice, logistics and farmer-centred decision support.","Breeding, gene editing, engineered crops, fertilisers and pesticides differ; each needs evidence and appropriate review.","Agronomic trials, affordability, seed access and ecological safeguards."],
  ["10 · Energy & infrastructure","Load forecasting, renewable integration, urban planning, transport operations and asset maintenance.","Biofuels, microbial fuel cells and bio-concrete vary greatly in readiness and economics.","Life-cycle impact, reliable services and maintenance budgets; no assumed large-scale readiness."],
  ["11 · Art & preservation","Digital restoration, annotated exhibits and interactive storytelling with source trails.","Living artworks, bio-pigments and bio-inspired materials remain bounded experimental design directions.","Mark reconstruction; preserve originals; appropriate containment and maker rights."],
  ["12 · Food & beverages","Quality control, traceability, cold-chain planning and waste reduction.","Cultured meat, alternative proteins, flavours and nutrient fortification need distinct evidence and approval pathways.","Food safety, nutritional claims, consumer choice and cost competitiveness."],
  ["13 · Water & sanitation","Leak detection, water-quality monitoring, irrigation scheduling and maintenance prioritisation.","Biological filtration and bio-assisted desalination require validated performance; conventional treatment remains essential.","Safe water standards, monitoring, operating cost and no unapproved organism release."],
  ["14 · Transport & mobility","Route planning, fleet maintenance, public transport scheduling and traffic management.","Waste-derived fuels and lightweight biomaterials are possible inputs; benefits depend on the entire supply chain.","Start with reliable public mobility; autonomous vehicles require a much higher safety case."],
  ["15 · Fashion & textiles","Demand planning, sizing, cutting efficiency, traceability and design support for existing artisans.","Bio-fabrics, fibres and dyes may complement weaving and adìrẹ when durability and environmental performance are tested.","Artisan attribution, fair income, dye effluent control and no promise that every bio-material is sustainable."],
  ["16 · Public safety & resilience","Disaster warning, dispatch and first-responder support. Predictive policing and general surveillance remain contested approaches, not recommended defaults.","Public-health biosensors and authorised forensic research require specialist governance; this page provides no biological procedures.","Necessity, proportionality, bias testing, lawful authority, human review and accessible appeal."],
  ["17 · Finance & inclusion","Fraud detection, accessible services and credit analysis with explainable decisions and routes to challenge errors.","DNA-based banking authentication is not a necessary or proportionate industrial-development priority; biometrics are not inherently synthetic biology.","Privacy, financial regulation, exclusion testing and non-biometric alternatives."],
  ["18 · Efficient buildings & energy","Building energy management, infrastructure maintenance and renewable-grid coordination.","Bio-materials and planted roofs may be studied; ordinary green walls do not require engineered plants.","Measure lifetime cost, safety and environmental performance; consolidate with the energy programme rather than double-counting benefits."]
 ]
}