{
  "checked": "2026-10-20",
  "resources": [
    {
      "id": "crude-oil-and-natural-gas",
      "topic": "Crude oil and natural gas",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Ondo belongs to Nigeria’s producing coastal petroleum economy; a cultural region is not an offshore licence boundary. Existing production does not quantify a future jurisdiction’s entitlement.",
      "geographicScope": "Ondo",
      "industrialValueChain": "Extraction → refining, gas power, fertiliser, petrochemicals and LNG",
      "constraints": "Capital, pipeline access, methane/flaring, spill liabilities, energy transition and asset-level licence mapping",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "usgs",
          "title": "USGS · Nigeria mineral industry and 2020–2024 production table",
          "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/nigeria",
          "date": "2024 data; available through 19 March 2026",
          "limits": "National aggregates; many estimates. Not Yorùbáland totals. Gold row is reported exports"
        },
        {
          "id": "law",
          "title": "Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act 2007",
          "url": "https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nig92382.pdf",
          "date": "29 March 2007",
          "limits": "Primary statute; mineral ownership and lawful recovery differ from surface land rights"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "bitumen",
      "topic": "Bitumen",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "The documented bitumen belt extends beyond one state. A belt or in-place estimate is not recoverable reserves or a proven commercial project.",
      "geographicScope": "Ondo; wider Dahomey Basin",
      "industrialValueChain": "Extraction/conditioning → road binders, asphalt, roofing and potential exports",
      "constraints": "Recovery technology, water and soil impacts, upgrading cost, product standards and competitive delivered cost",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "bitumen-paper",
          "title": "Review of occurrence, distribution and impact of bitumen seeps in southwestern Nigeria",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9892143/",
          "date": "2023",
          "limits": "Environmental Monitoring and Assessment review; mapped belt and environmental issues, not project feasibility"
        },
        {
          "id": "ogun-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Ogun geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ogun-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Geology/occurrence context"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "limestone",
      "topic": "Limestone",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Ogun has an established limestone-to-cement industry. Large limestone deposits at Oró and Ìdòfìàn remain unverified.",
      "geographicScope": "Ogun",
      "industrialValueChain": "Quarrying → cement, lime, industrial chemicals and construction inputs",
      "constraints": "Quarry rights, dust, land/community agreements, kiln energy, CO₂, transport and demand",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "ogun-invest",
          "title": "OgunInvest · Mining & Solid Minerals",
          "url": "https://invest.ogunstate.gov.ng/solidminerals",
          "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
          "limits": "Official investment promotion, not independent feasibility"
        },
        {
          "id": "ibese",
          "title": "Dangote Cement · Zambia sustainability awards / company operations",
          "url": "https://www.dangotecement.com/dcp-zambia-bags-three-sustainability-awards/",
          "date": "2025; checked 20 October 2026",
          "limits": "Company statement identifies Ibese installed capacity; capacity is not actual output"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "granite",
      "topic": "Granite",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Regional basement geology supports granite and related stone; individual quarry quality and economically recoverable blocks still require testing.",
      "geographicScope": "Ogun, Oyo, Ekiti; Kwara basement",
      "industrialValueChain": "Quarrying → aggregate, cut stone, tiles, countertops, monuments and exports",
      "constraints": "Silica dust, blasting/vibration, fractured rock yield, transport cost and rehabilitation",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "oyo-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Oyo geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Oyo-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional occurrence map, scale 1:500,000; no grade or reserve valuation"
        },
        {
          "id": "omu-paper",
          "title": "Geophysical and contamination assessment of soil spatial variability in Omu-Aran farm",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8889146/",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Local geological and soil field study; not a mineral reserve estimate"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "gold",
      "topic": "Gold",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Segilola in Osun is a producing gold mine. That fact does not validate unspecified Esie or Omu-Aran gold deposits.",
      "geographicScope": "Osun; local Igbomina claims separate",
      "industrialValueChain": "Mining → doré/refining, jewellery and specialist supply chains",
      "constraints": "Assay/grade, mine life, water, tailings, traceability, mercury-free formalisation and closure costs",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "segilola",
          "title": "Thor · Segilola Gold Project",
          "url": "https://thorexpl.com/projects-operations/segilola-gold-project/",
          "date": "FY2022–FY2025 production; checked 20 October 2026",
          "limits": "Company-reported operating project in Osun; no inference of regional deposits"
        },
        {
          "id": "segilola-q3",
          "title": "Thor Explorations · Q3 2026 Operating Update",
          "url": "https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/318859/Thor-Explorations-Announces-Q3-2026-Operating-Update",
          "date": "14 October 2026; quarter ended 30 September",
          "limits": "Issuer release: actual quarterly output and revised forecast must be separated"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "marble",
      "topic": "Marble",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "NGSA records marble in Oyo and Kwara; historical research discusses the Kajola–Oreke corridor. Geological occurrence is not a certified reserve.",
      "geographicScope": "Oyo and Kwara",
      "industrialValueChain": "Quarrying → dimension stone, tiles, decorative work, lime-rich fillers and exports",
      "constraints": "Fractures, block recovery, colour, chemistry, land agreements and dust",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "oyo-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Oyo geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Oyo-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional occurrence map, scale 1:500,000; no grade or reserve valuation"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-dada",
          "title": "Silas Dada & Jimoh Ajadi · Exploiting Kwara State Mineral Resources for Economic Sustainability",
          "url": "https://api-kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/429f2259-e8ae-47f2-8077-404a58a91262/content",
          "date": "2018",
          "limits": "University-hosted book chapter; historical locality inventory, resource quantities often N/A; dated activity labels are not current status"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tantalite",
      "topic": "Tantalite",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "RMRDC records tantalite among Ekiti minerals. Concentrate production does not imply local capacitor manufacture is immediately feasible.",
      "geographicScope": "Ekiti; wider pegmatite belts",
      "industrialValueChain": "Mining/beneficiation → certified tantalum feedstock → potential advanced components",
      "constraints": "Traceability, ore chemistry, separation technology, specialist skills, offtake and process control",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "ekiti-rmrdc",
          "title": "RMRDC · Sustainable development of mineral potentials of Ekiti State",
          "url": "https://library.rmrdc.gov.ng/book_details.php?id=51",
          "date": "2009",
          "limits": "Government technical brief; identifies bauxitic clay, not an audited bauxite reserve"
        },
        {
          "id": "usgs",
          "title": "USGS · Nigeria mineral industry and 2020–2024 production table",
          "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/nigeria",
          "date": "2024 data; available through 19 March 2026",
          "limits": "National aggregates; many estimates. Not Yorùbáland totals. Gold row is reported exports"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kaolin",
      "topic": "Kaolin",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Ifonyintedo in Ogun has documented kaolin mining. Application suitability depends on tested mineralogy and impurity levels.",
      "geographicScope": "Ogun; Kwara/Ekiti occurrences",
      "industrialValueChain": "Beneficiation → ceramics, tiles, sanitaryware, paper coating and specialist fillers",
      "constraints": "Whiteness, particle size, firing properties and sector-specific pharmaceutical/cosmetic standards",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kaolin-paper",
          "title": "Radioactivity and radiological hazards from a kaolin mining field in Ifonyintedo",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6060080/",
          "date": "2018",
          "limits": "Primary field study in Ogun; supports locality, not all-grade suitability"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-gov",
          "title": "Kwara State Government · Solid Minerals",
          "url": "https://kwarastate.gov.ng/do-business/natural-resources/",
          "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
          "limits": "State-level investment overview, not a reserve statement"
        },
        {
          "id": "ekiti-rmrdc",
          "title": "RMRDC · Sustainable development of mineral potentials of Ekiti State",
          "url": "https://library.rmrdc.gov.ng/book_details.php?id=51",
          "date": "2009",
          "limits": "Government technical brief; identifies bauxitic clay, not an audited bauxite reserve"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "clay",
      "topic": "Clay",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Clay is a family of materials, not a uniform commodity. Test local deposits before specifying bricks, tiles or high-grade ceramics.",
      "geographicScope": "Multiple localities across the region",
      "industrialValueChain": "Clay preparation → bricks, roof tiles, pottery, ceramics and construction products",
      "constraints": "Firing energy, shrinkage, strength, water absorption, rehabilitation and clean production",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "oyo-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Oyo geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Oyo-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional occurrence map, scale 1:500,000; no grade or reserve valuation"
        },
        {
          "id": "ekiti-rmrdc",
          "title": "RMRDC · Sustainable development of mineral potentials of Ekiti State",
          "url": "https://library.rmrdc.gov.ng/book_details.php?id=51",
          "date": "2009",
          "limits": "Government technical brief; identifies bauxitic clay, not an audited bauxite reserve"
        },
        {
          "id": "ogun-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Ogun geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ogun-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Geology/occurrence context"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "silica-sand",
      "topic": "Silica sand",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Silica sand is recorded in Ogun’s official mineral mapping; industrial grade cannot be inferred from ordinary sand availability.",
      "geographicScope": "Ogun and coastal sedimentary areas",
      "industrialValueChain": "Washing/grading → glass, foundry sand and selected construction uses",
      "constraints": "Iron impurities, grain size, lawful sand extraction, coastal erosion and habitat protection",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "ogun-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Ogun geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ogun-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Geology/occurrence context"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-gov",
          "title": "Kwara State Government · Solid Minerals",
          "url": "https://kwarastate.gov.ng/do-business/natural-resources/",
          "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
          "limits": "State-level investment overview, not a reserve statement"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "feldspar",
      "topic": "Feldspar",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "State maps and technical briefs record feldspar-bearing resources. A feldspar component in granite is not automatically a separate economic deposit.",
      "geographicScope": "Ogun, Oyo; Kwara/Ekiti occurrences",
      "industrialValueChain": "Beneficiation → ceramic/glass flux, fillers and processed exports",
      "constraints": "Alkali composition, iron impurities, separation, reliable power and kiln/customer specifications",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "oyo-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Oyo geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Oyo-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional occurrence map, scale 1:500,000; no grade or reserve valuation"
        },
        {
          "id": "ekiti-rmrdc",
          "title": "RMRDC · Sustainable development of mineral potentials of Ekiti State",
          "url": "https://library.rmrdc.gov.ng/book_details.php?id=51",
          "date": "2009",
          "limits": "Government technical brief; identifies bauxitic clay, not an audited bauxite reserve"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-gov",
          "title": "Kwara State Government · Solid Minerals",
          "url": "https://kwarastate.gov.ng/do-business/natural-resources/",
          "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
          "limits": "State-level investment overview, not a reserve statement"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "quartz",
      "topic": "Quartz",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Quartz-bearing rocks are documented. Ordinary quartz does not establish semiconductor- or photovoltaic-grade feedstock.",
      "geographicScope": "Oyo and Ekiti; Omu-Aran geology",
      "industrialValueChain": "Testing/beneficiation → suitable glass or industrial silica; high-purity/silicon routes only if qualified",
      "constraints": "Purity, trace contaminants, furnace energy, processing capability and export specifications",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "oyo-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Oyo geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Oyo-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional occurrence map, scale 1:500,000; no grade or reserve valuation"
        },
        {
          "id": "omu-paper",
          "title": "Geophysical and contamination assessment of soil spatial variability in Omu-Aran farm",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8889146/",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Local geological and soil field study; not a mineral reserve estimate"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "iron-ore",
      "topic": "Iron ore",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "NGSA Oyo map includes iron/iron ore. Significant iron-ore deposits at Oró and Ìdòfìàn remain unverified.",
      "geographicScope": "Oyo; Oro/Idofian claim unverified",
      "industrialValueChain": "Ore assessment/beneficiation → potential iron/steel feed; compare scrap-based routes",
      "constraints": "Grade, phosphorus/impurities, energy, reductant, water, scale and delivered-cost competition",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "oyo-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Oyo geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Oyo-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional occurrence map, scale 1:500,000; no grade or reserve valuation"
        },
        {
          "id": "usgs",
          "title": "USGS · Nigeria mineral industry and 2020–2024 production table",
          "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/nigeria",
          "date": "2024 data; available through 19 March 2026",
          "limits": "National aggregates; many estimates. Not Yorùbáland totals. Gold row is reported exports"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tourmaline",
      "topic": "Tourmaline",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Oyo mapping records tourmaline. A 2018 Kwara inventory lists Dogondaji Oro; this is dated locality evidence, not current production or a reserve.",
      "geographicScope": "Oyo, Ogun; Kwara localities",
      "industrialValueChain": "Traceable extraction → grading, cutting, polishing, jewellery and exports",
      "constraints": "Gem quality variation, recovery, safety, provenance and lapidary skills",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "oyo-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Oyo geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Oyo-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional occurrence map, scale 1:500,000; no grade or reserve valuation"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-dada",
          "title": "Silas Dada & Jimoh Ajadi · Exploiting Kwara State Mineral Resources for Economic Sustainability",
          "url": "https://api-kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/429f2259-e8ae-47f2-8077-404a58a91262/content",
          "date": "2018",
          "limits": "University-hosted book chapter; historical locality inventory, resource quantities often N/A; dated activity labels are not current status"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "bauxite-bauxitic-clay",
      "topic": "Bauxite / bauxitic clay",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "RMRDC identifies bauxitic clay in Ekiti. This does not establish a bankable bauxite reserve or an economically viable alumina/aluminium chain. Oro/Idofian claims remain unverified.",
      "geographicScope": "Ekiti; Oro/Idofian speculation",
      "industrialValueChain": "Characterisation → suitable clay products; alumina/smelting only after a positive feasibility case",
      "constraints": "Alumina/silica chemistry, scale, very large electricity needs, residue management and competitive imports",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "ekiti-rmrdc",
          "title": "RMRDC · Sustainable development of mineral potentials of Ekiti State",
          "url": "https://library.rmrdc.gov.ng/book_details.php?id=51",
          "date": "2009",
          "limits": "Government technical brief; identifies bauxitic clay, not an audited bauxite reserve"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "gypsum",
      "topic": "Gypsum",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Ogun’s NGSA map includes gypsum/phosphate in its commodity context; an Òmù-Àràn deposit and its size are not corroborated.",
      "geographicScope": "Ogun claim; Omu-Aran claim separate",
      "industrialValueChain": "Beneficiation → cement set regulator, plasterboard, plaster of Paris and exports",
      "constraints": "Purity, moisture, delivered cost, dust and alternatives/recycled gypsum",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "ogun-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Ogun geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ogun-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Geology/occurrence context"
        },
        {
          "id": "usgs",
          "title": "USGS · Nigeria mineral industry and 2020–2024 production table",
          "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/nigeria",
          "date": "2024 data; available through 19 March 2026",
          "limits": "National aggregates; many estimates. Not Yorùbáland totals. Gold row is reported exports"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "zinc-and-lead",
      "topic": "Zinc and lead",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Nigeria produces lead and zinc, but national output is not evidence of a commercial Oyo deposit. Locality-level evidence is needed to establish a regional deposit.",
      "geographicScope": "Oyo claimed",
      "industrialValueChain": "Qualified ore/recycled feed → smelting/refining, galvanising inputs, selected batteries and exports",
      "constraints": "Toxic exposure, lead pollution, hazardous waste, orebody proof and robust environmental controls",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "usgs",
          "title": "USGS · Nigeria mineral industry and 2020–2024 production table",
          "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/nigeria",
          "date": "2024 data; available through 19 March 2026",
          "limits": "National aggregates; many estimates. Not Yorùbáland totals. Gold row is reported exports"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "gemstones",
      "topic": "Gemstones",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Oyo mapping and Kwara’s overview identify gemstones; every listed species cannot be assumed in every town or state.",
      "geographicScope": "Osun, Oyo, Ekiti claimed; Kwara documented listings",
      "industrialValueChain": "Traceable stones → gem testing, lapidary, jewellery, design and exports",
      "constraints": "Authenticity, species/quality verification, variable yield, fair trading and worker safety",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "oyo-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Oyo geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Oyo-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional occurrence map, scale 1:500,000; no grade or reserve valuation"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-gov",
          "title": "Kwara State Government · Solid Minerals",
          "url": "https://kwarastate.gov.ng/do-business/natural-resources/",
          "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
          "limits": "State-level investment overview, not a reserve statement"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "phosphate",
      "topic": "Phosphate",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Ogun officially lists phosphate. Ọ̀bà / Ìsìn and Oyo commercial deposits lack verified local reserve evidence in this review.",
      "geographicScope": "Ogun and Oyo claimed; Oba-Isin unverified",
      "industrialValueChain": "Testing/beneficiation → fertiliser or phosphoric-acid feed where suitable",
      "constraints": "P₂O₅ grade, contaminants, agronomic suitability, acid/energy supply and economics",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "ogun-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Ogun geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ogun-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Geology/occurrence context"
        },
        {
          "id": "ogun-invest",
          "title": "OgunInvest · Mining & Solid Minerals",
          "url": "https://invest.ogunstate.gov.ng/solidminerals",
          "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
          "limits": "Official investment promotion, not independent feasibility"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mica",
      "topic": "Mica",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Mica occurs in regional basement/pegmatite contexts. Idofian sediment analysis identifies mica, but that is not a mine reserve.",
      "geographicScope": "Ekiti; Esie claim separate",
      "industrialValueChain": "Sorting/processing → industrial fillers, insulation, selected electronics/cosmetics and exports",
      "constraints": "Sheet/flake grade, labour safeguards, traceability, purity and customer standards",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "ekiti-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Ekiti geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ekiti-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Geology/occurrence context"
        },
        {
          "id": "idofian-paper",
          "title": "Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Stream Sediment and Water in Idofian",
          "url": "https://kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/items/1fc6f3ad-7140-4728-a2b5-39b3eb44be16",
          "date": "31 March 2024",
          "limits": "University repository abstract retrieved in search; direct opening timed out. XRD mineral components are not commercial deposits"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "talc",
      "topic": "Talc",
      "status": "Confirmed",
      "description": "Esie soapstone provenance research supports local talc-bearing rock. Heritage material is not permission to quarry, and cosmetic/pharmaceutical grade is not established.",
      "geographicScope": "Osun claimed; Esie/Kwara evidence",
      "industrialValueChain": "Qualified processing → ceramics, paint/rubber fillers, specialist products and exports",
      "constraints": "Asbestos/other impurities, grade testing, heritage protection, worker exposure and quality certification",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "esie-paper",
          "title": "Ige & Swanson · Provenance studies of Esie sculptural soapstone",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440307002130",
          "date": "June 2008",
          "limits": "Archaeological mineralogical evidence; does not establish mineable tonnage"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "igbomina": [
    {
      "id": "igbomina-granite",
      "topic": "Granite",
      "locality": "Omu-Aran and Oro",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Local geology supports granitoids at Omu-Aran; no deposit tonnage, quarry title or Oro reserve confirmed.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "omu-paper",
          "title": "Geophysical and contamination assessment of soil spatial variability in Omu-Aran farm",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8889146/",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Local geological and soil field study; not a mineral reserve estimate"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-limestone",
      "topic": "Limestone",
      "locality": "Oro and Idofian",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Large limestone deposits at these exact towns are unverified. Do not confuse Oro town with River Oro/Oro Forest Reserve or the Kajola–Oreke marble corridor.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-dada",
          "title": "Silas Dada & Jimoh Ajadi · Exploiting Kwara State Mineral Resources for Economic Sustainability",
          "url": "https://api-kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/429f2259-e8ae-47f2-8077-404a58a91262/content",
          "date": "2018",
          "limits": "University-hosted book chapter; historical locality inventory, resource quantities often N/A; dated activity labels are not current status"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-clay",
      "topic": "Clay",
      "locality": "Esie and Oba-Isin",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Statewide clay occurrence is supported; the two specified deposits and abundance need site investigation.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-kaolin",
      "topic": "Kaolin",
      "locality": "Esie",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Kwara records kaolin occurrences; no verified Esie reserve or stated commercial scale in the sources reviewed.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-gov",
          "title": "Kwara State Government · Solid Minerals",
          "url": "https://kwarastate.gov.ng/do-business/natural-resources/",
          "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
          "limits": "State-level investment overview, not a reserve statement"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-quartz",
      "topic": "Quartz",
      "locality": "Oro and Omu-Aran",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Omu-Aran’s quartzite and quartz-mica schist are documented; no electronics-grade deposit or moderate reserve established.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "omu-paper",
          "title": "Geophysical and contamination assessment of soil spatial variability in Omu-Aran farm",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8889146/",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Local geological and soil field study; not a mineral reserve estimate"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-talc",
      "topic": "Talc",
      "locality": "Esie",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Esie soapstone has local geological support; the “moderate deposit” and product-grade claims are unquantified.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "esie-paper",
          "title": "Ige & Swanson · Provenance studies of Esie sculptural soapstone",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440307002130",
          "date": "June 2008",
          "limits": "Archaeological mineralogical evidence; does not establish mineable tonnage"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-feldspar",
      "topic": "Feldspar",
      "locality": "Idofian and Oro",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Idofian XRD identifies feldspar-group minerals. Presence in sediment/rock is not proof of a workable feldspar deposit.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "idofian-paper",
          "title": "Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Stream Sediment and Water in Idofian",
          "url": "https://kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/items/1fc6f3ad-7140-4728-a2b5-39b3eb44be16",
          "date": "31 March 2024",
          "limits": "University repository abstract retrieved in search; direct opening timed out. XRD mineral components are not commercial deposits"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-mica",
      "topic": "Mica",
      "locality": "Esie",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Kwara mapping records mica, but Esie-specific quantity and current mining ownership are unverified.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-gemstones",
      "topic": "Gemstones",
      "locality": "Omu-Aran and Esie",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Kwara-wide gemstone listings do not substantiate each town or a moderate reserve.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-gov",
          "title": "Kwara State Government · Solid Minerals",
          "url": "https://kwarastate.gov.ng/do-business/natural-resources/",
          "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
          "limits": "State-level investment overview, not a reserve statement"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-phosphate",
      "topic": "Phosphate",
      "locality": "Oba-Isin",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "No substantiated Oba-Isin phosphate deposit or quantity located in the available sources.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-bauxite",
      "topic": "Bauxite",
      "locality": "Oro and Idofian",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Bauxite deposits at the named localities and their potential scale remain unverified; no reserve evidence has been established.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-gypsum",
      "topic": "Gypsum",
      "locality": "Omu-Aran",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "No substantiated Omu-Aran gypsum deposit/quantity found in the available sources.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-iron-ore",
      "topic": "Iron ore",
      "locality": "Idofian and Oro",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "A possibility is not a deposit or reserve; these exact town-level claims remain unverified.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-map",
          "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
          "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
          "date": "2022",
          "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-gold",
      "topic": "Gold",
      "locality": "Esie and Omu-Aran",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "Kwara gold occurrence elsewhere is documented; it does not corroborate these towns or the estimated scale.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-gov",
          "title": "Kwara State Government · Solid Minerals",
          "url": "https://kwarastate.gov.ng/do-business/natural-resources/",
          "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
          "limits": "State-level investment overview, not a reserve statement"
        },
        {
          "id": "kwara-dada",
          "title": "Silas Dada & Jimoh Ajadi · Exploiting Kwara State Mineral Resources for Economic Sustainability",
          "url": "https://api-kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/429f2259-e8ae-47f2-8077-404a58a91262/content",
          "date": "2018",
          "limits": "University-hosted book chapter; historical locality inventory, resource quantities often N/A; dated activity labels are not current status"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "igbomina-tourmaline",
      "topic": "Tourmaline",
      "locality": "Esie and Omu-Aran",
      "status": "Unverified",
      "description": "The named locations remain unverified. A 2018 scholarly inventory instead records tourmaline at Dogondaji Oro; current activity must be checked afresh.",
      "quantity": "Not established",
      "currentTitleHolder": "Not verified; consult current Mining Cadastre records by cadastral coordinates",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "kwara-dada",
          "title": "Silas Dada & Jimoh Ajadi · Exploiting Kwara State Mineral Resources for Economic Sustainability",
          "url": "https://api-kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/429f2259-e8ae-47f2-8077-404a58a91262/content",
          "date": "2018",
          "limits": "University-hosted book chapter; historical locality inventory, resource quantities often N/A; dated activity labels are not current status"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "chart": {
    "title": "Nigeria mineral output · selected materials",
    "scope": "Nigeria-wide; NOT Yorùbáland or Igbomina",
    "unit": "metric tonnes",
    "period": "2020–2024",
    "dataAvailableThrough": "2026-03-19",
    "source": {
      "id": "usgs",
      "title": "USGS · Nigeria mineral industry and 2020–2024 production table",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/nigeria",
      "date": "2024 data; available through 19 March 2026",
      "limits": "National aggregates; many estimates. Not Yorùbáland totals. Gold row is reported exports"
    },
    "years": [
      2020,
      2021,
      2022,
      2023,
      2024
    ],
    "series": [
      {
        "name": "Crushed limestone",
        "values": [
          34866279,
          36941859,
          37260778,
          49057064,
          53000000
        ],
        "estimatedYears": [
          2024
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Crushed granite",
        "values": [
          15543341,
          22779683,
          16497437,
          19386347,
          21000000
        ],
        "estimatedYears": [
          2024
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Unspecified clay",
        "values": [
          1904116,
          4579392,
          1823700,
          2140430,
          2300000
        ],
        "estimatedYears": [
          2024
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Feldspar",
        "values": [
          31375,
          31256,
          37250,
          76575,
          77000
        ],
        "estimatedYears": [
          2024
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Kaolin",
        "values": [
          14346,
          41020,
          70396,
          29843,
          30000
        ],
        "estimatedYears": [
          2024
        ]
      }
    ],
    "note": "Different scales; use series selector or small multiples, not a misleading single axis. USGS gold row is exports and excluded."
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "kwara-gov",
      "title": "Kwara State Government · Solid Minerals",
      "url": "https://kwarastate.gov.ng/do-business/natural-resources/",
      "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
      "limits": "State-level investment overview, not a reserve statement"
    },
    {
      "id": "kwara-map",
      "title": "NGSA · Kwara geological and mineral resources map",
      "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Kwara-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
      "date": "2022",
      "limits": "Regional geological/occurrence map, scale 1:600,000; not title boundaries"
    },
    {
      "id": "oyo-map",
      "title": "NGSA · Oyo geological and mineral resources map",
      "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Oyo-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
      "date": "2022",
      "limits": "Regional occurrence map, scale 1:500,000; no grade or reserve valuation"
    },
    {
      "id": "ekiti-map",
      "title": "NGSA · Ekiti geological and mineral resources map",
      "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ekiti-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
      "date": "2022",
      "limits": "Geology/occurrence context"
    },
    {
      "id": "ogun-map",
      "title": "NGSA · Ogun geological and mineral resources map",
      "url": "https://ngsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ogun-State-Mineral-Resources-Map-2022.pdf",
      "date": "2022",
      "limits": "Geology/occurrence context"
    },
    {
      "id": "ogun-invest",
      "title": "OgunInvest · Mining & Solid Minerals",
      "url": "https://invest.ogunstate.gov.ng/solidminerals",
      "date": "undated; checked 2026-10-20",
      "limits": "Official investment promotion, not independent feasibility"
    },
    {
      "id": "ekiti-rmrdc",
      "title": "RMRDC · Sustainable development of mineral potentials of Ekiti State",
      "url": "https://library.rmrdc.gov.ng/book_details.php?id=51",
      "date": "2009",
      "limits": "Government technical brief; identifies bauxitic clay, not an audited bauxite reserve"
    },
    {
      "id": "kwara-dada",
      "title": "Silas Dada & Jimoh Ajadi · Exploiting Kwara State Mineral Resources for Economic Sustainability",
      "url": "https://api-kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/429f2259-e8ae-47f2-8077-404a58a91262/content",
      "date": "2018",
      "limits": "University-hosted book chapter; historical locality inventory, resource quantities often N/A; dated activity labels are not current status"
    },
    {
      "id": "esie-paper",
      "title": "Ige & Swanson · Provenance studies of Esie sculptural soapstone",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440307002130",
      "date": "June 2008",
      "limits": "Archaeological mineralogical evidence; does not establish mineable tonnage"
    },
    {
      "id": "omu-paper",
      "title": "Geophysical and contamination assessment of soil spatial variability in Omu-Aran farm",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8889146/",
      "date": "2022",
      "limits": "Local geological and soil field study; not a mineral reserve estimate"
    },
    {
      "id": "idofian-paper",
      "title": "Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Stream Sediment and Water in Idofian",
      "url": "https://kwasuspace.kwasu.edu.ng/items/1fc6f3ad-7140-4728-a2b5-39b3eb44be16",
      "date": "31 March 2024",
      "limits": "University repository abstract retrieved in search; direct opening timed out. XRD mineral components are not commercial deposits"
    },
    {
      "id": "bitumen-paper",
      "title": "Review of occurrence, distribution and impact of bitumen seeps in southwestern Nigeria",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9892143/",
      "date": "2023",
      "limits": "Environmental Monitoring and Assessment review; mapped belt and environmental issues, not project feasibility"
    },
    {
      "id": "kaolin-paper",
      "title": "Radioactivity and radiological hazards from a kaolin mining field in Ifonyintedo",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6060080/",
      "date": "2018",
      "limits": "Primary field study in Ogun; supports locality, not all-grade suitability"
    },
    {
      "id": "usgs",
      "title": "USGS · Nigeria mineral industry and 2020–2024 production table",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/nigeria",
      "date": "2024 data; available through 19 March 2026",
      "limits": "National aggregates; many estimates. Not Yorùbáland totals. Gold row is reported exports"
    },
    {
      "id": "mco",
      "title": "Nigeria Mining Cadastre Office · Publications",
      "url": "https://www.miningcadastre.gov.ng/publication",
      "date": "Valid titles list dated 30 September 2026",
      "limits": "Current title verification entry point; individual holders not checked in this audit"
    },
    {
      "id": "law",
      "title": "Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act 2007",
      "url": "https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nig92382.pdf",
      "date": "29 March 2007",
      "limits": "Primary statute; mineral ownership and lawful recovery differ from surface land rights"
    },
    {
      "id": "segilola",
      "title": "Thor · Segilola Gold Project",
      "url": "https://thorexpl.com/projects-operations/segilola-gold-project/",
      "date": "FY2022–FY2025 production; checked 20 October 2026",
      "limits": "Company-reported operating project in Osun; no inference of regional deposits"
    },
    {
      "id": "segilola-q3",
      "title": "Thor Explorations · Q3 2026 Operating Update",
      "url": "https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/318859/Thor-Explorations-Announces-Q3-2026-Operating-Update",
      "date": "14 October 2026; quarter ended 30 September",
      "limits": "Issuer release: actual quarterly output and revised forecast must be separated"
    },
    {
      "id": "holcim",
      "title": "Holcim · Nigeria divestment completed",
      "url": "https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/nigeria-divestment",
      "date": "29 August 2025",
      "limits": "Primary seller announcement; 83.81% Lafarge Africa stake sold to Huaxin"
    },
    {
      "id": "ibese",
      "title": "Dangote Cement · Zambia sustainability awards / company operations",
      "url": "https://www.dangotecement.com/dcp-zambia-bags-three-sustainability-awards/",
      "date": "2025; checked 20 October 2026",
      "limits": "Company statement identifies Ibese installed capacity; capacity is not actual output"
    }
  ]
}