The land, with its details intact.

Nigeria / Benin / Togo

Yorùbá-Nago communities span southwest Nigeria, Benin and Togo. Cultural geography is not a legally surveyed national boundary.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Rolling plains, valleys and rocky uplands support varied farming and settlement. Suitability must be assessed locally rather than assumed from ethnic geography.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Regional soil fertility and crop suitability require local soil surveys. Suitability depends on soil type, nutrients, drainage, slope, management and rainfall.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Rainforest persists in reserves, sacred groves and other fragments. The region is not uniformly covered by intact dense forest.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Omo in Ogun’s Ijebu area supports forest biodiversity and community livelihoods. Distinguish the wider forest reserve from its protected biosphere zones.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

The Niger belongs in a wider regional water and trade context. The Ogun–Osun coastal basins are separate drainage systems, not Niger tributaries.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

The river connects living religious traditions with a coastal drainage basin. UNESCO confirms the sacred river and grove at Osogbo; inland water ultimately links to Lekki Lagoon.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

A major southwest basin river flowing south to Lagos Lagoon. Published hydrology documents its headwaters and seasonal flow; development must include flooding and water-quality management.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Coastal lagoons, creeks, wetlands and mangroves support fisheries and transport while facing flood, pollution and development pressures. These are shared ecosystems, not empty industrial land.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Idanre is an inhabited cultural landscape of rock outcrops, valleys and historic buildings in Ondo. It is on UNESCO’s Tentative List (2007), not the inscribed World Heritage List.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Ekiti’s rocky hills and valleys are prominent landscape features. Local elevation can affect temperature, but the uplands remain tropical.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Lagos, Ibadan and Abeokuta connect trade, services, education and industry with rural production. Avoid portraying all villages as static or uniformly traditional.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Oke-Ogun is a real regional name. A single formally bounded “Oke-Ogun Plateau,” its climate advantage and the precise crop claims need a mapped agricultural or geomorphological source.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Ijesha uplands and mining landscapes require geological mapping to establish the plateau boundary and the extent of mineral occurrences. A place name does not establish a reserve estimate.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

River valleys can support cultivation and water supply but are also flood-sensitive. Irrigation access, soil quality and sustainable abstraction must be demonstrated at each site.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Efon-Alaaye is on the western side of Ekiti adjoining Osun.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Olumo is the Abeokuta rock sanctuary and visitor site associated with Ẹ̀gbá refuge and history. The tourist complex is a current primary source for site information.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Akure Forest Reserve in Ondo State is documented in a 2021 Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria tree-species dataset. Its biodiversity and conservation significance warrant inclusion; the dataset does not establish its present condition or effective protection.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

An inscribed World Heritage property since 2005, combining forest, river, shrines and continuing worship. It is living heritage with conservation and visitor-management responsibilities.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Wetlands around the Lekki/Lagos system support water regulation and habitat. Any specific site requires a boundary and assessment; broad ecosystem value does not license reclamation.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Cocoa farming and processing offer a development pathway. Comparative productivity in Ondo and Oyo requires state-level output, year and yield data; no ranking is established here.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Palm-oil farming and processing offer a development pathway. Local cultivation, processing capacity and environmental conditions require site-specific evidence.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Ilé-Ifẹ̀ is central to Yorùbá sacred and artistic traditions, with heritage places and festivals recorded by Osun’s tourism authority. Distinguish tradition, archaeology and modern city life.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Erin-Ijesa’s Olumirin cascades are a documented Osun visitor landscape. Community and state sources support the location and the seven-level description.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Owu Falls is in Kwara’s Ifelodun area. State tourism material gives an approximate 120 m figure; a continental height ranking is not established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Ikogosi in Ekiti contains adjoining warm and cool spring channels in a wooded hill setting. Avoid claiming that mixed water permanently preserves two temperatures or that the site is globally unique.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Arinta is at Ipole-Iloro, Ekiti, in the wider Ikogosi tourism corridor. A named location is more useful than treating the falls as part of one undifferentiated resort.

Anambra · outside Yorùbáland

Ogbunike Caves are in Anambra, southeast Nigeria. They are included as an external comparison, outside the Yorùbáland location inventory.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

A major Ijebu earthwork system. Archaeological chronology and construction evidence should be presented separately from traditions about Bilikisu Sungbo; a queen-origin story is not a proved construction attribution.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Palaces, markets and festivals are living civic and cultural institutions. Use individual place histories and custodians rather than giving every market an unverified age or river-crossroads origin.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Cocoa House is an important Ibadan commercial landmark associated with Western Region agricultural wealth and Odu’a Investment. Its 60th anniversary was marked in 2025.

Niger / Kwara · wider regional comparator

Kainji comprises Borgu and Zugurma sectors in Niger and Kwara. A Kwara administrative location does not by itself establish Yorùbá cultural territory.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Describe tropical coastal, forest and savanna transitions with wet and dry seasons. Northern Yorùbáland is not a temperate climatic zone.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Badagry links coast, creek, trade and histories of enslavement. Heritage interpretation should also acknowledge the locality’s multiple communities rather than assume one exclusive identity.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Lagos Lagoon is part of an interconnected urban estuarine system with industry, transport, fishing and significant pollution pressures. Water quality must be measured, not inferred from scenery.

Niger State · outside Yorùbáland

Zuma Rock near Abuja/Niger is included as an external inselberg comparison, outside Yorùbáland.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

The documented Egbe Water Scheme is at Egbe-Ekiti. Reservoir-hill tourism facilities are not established by this source.

Edo State · wider regional comparator

Okomu is an Edo forest park. It is a useful wider forest-conservation comparator, not evidence that the park is Yorùbá territory.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Official Oyo tourism sources name Iyamopo and Agbele at Igbeti. They are not another name for Oke’badan in Ibadan; the asserted Ogbomoso-hills extension is unsupported.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Yewa belongs to the western coastal drainage system with cross-border connections. Its exact course requires a hydrographic map.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Majidun forms part of the Ikorodu/Lagos water network. River, creek and adjacent wetland should be mapped as related features rather than counted as three independent resources.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Old Oyo connects protected savanna landscapes with archaeological remains of Oyo-Ile. Conservation and interpretation of the historical city belong together.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Oke-Ila Orangun is a real place; this exact named ridge, its boundary and claimed accessibility remain unverified. Keep the local-name lead pending custodian or survey confirmation.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Ado-Awaye and its upland Iyake lake are recognized Oyo tourism features. Avoid unsupported claims about being the world’s only or one of exactly two “suspended lakes.”

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

The campus landscape is a potential subject for study. A named hill range, mapped boundary and visitor access have not been established here.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Both hills are at Ikere-Ekiti and are listed in Ekiti’s official tourism inventory. Local sacred practices require custodian-led interpretation.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Oke-Ero is a Kwara local government, whereas Ijero’s official profile names Oke-Ayinrin and Oke Ede. The intended hill locality remains unverified.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

The Redemptorist-run Marian pilgrimage centre is on the hills of Otan Ayegbaju, Osun. A February 2026 report confirms continuing pilgrimage activity.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

No adequate primary identification of this exact hill group near Ondo town was established. Preserve the name as a lead, not a verified biodiversity or hiking destination.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

An Oke-Iho Hill in the Ijebu-Jesa area remains unverified. Gazetteers place an Oke-Iho Hill in Oyo; repeated local names require precise coordinates.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

The prayer institution has its own public contact site. “Ede” is a broad association; establish the precise Alaasān/Egbedore location before placing a map pin.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Apata is too general a name to identify a single Ekiti hill group. Location, access and biodiversity require an attributable local source.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

The exact hill and its naming history remain unverified. The cultural importance of the ìrókò tree does not establish this place’s etymology.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Ikere Gorge is a constructed reservoir near Iseyin in Oyo, not a natural reservoir at Ikere-Ekiti. Designed hydropower capacity is distinct from demonstrated electricity generation.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

This nickname has no verified Osun site or mapped location in the available sources.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Ayetoro is a repeated place name. If the intended place is Ilaje’s coastal Aiyetoro, the community documents a low-lying coast and erosion, not this asserted hiking hill.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Oke-Agbe is in Akoko, Ondo, with a studied geological and road corridor. The generic visitor-access and ecological-balance claims are not a substitute for a site survey.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Hydrological research identifies Oni among the rivers feeding Lekki Lagoon. Avoid limiting the river’s course to Osun without a mapped catchment.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

A published Owu drainage-basin study exists, but its source and confluence in Osun are not established here. Owu, Owo and Owena are distinct names.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Erinle and its reservoirs are important to Osun water supply. A headwater in Kwara and the exact river course require catchment mapping.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

The intended Ogba River locality remains unverified. Oyo’s official material discusses an Ogba river; similarly named rivers exist elsewhere.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Omi is among rivers examined in the Ogun–Ona basin water-quality literature. A local river name should be paired with its basin and coordinates to prevent confusion.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Asejire is an impoundment on the Osun River in the Oyo–Osun area, supporting water supply and fisheries. Recent research also examines contamination and ecological risk.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Erelu is associated with Oyo town, not Ibadan. A March 2026 bathymetric study explicitly locates it at Oyo Town.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Oyan in Ogun is a managed multipurpose reservoir. Water supply and irrigation benefits must be considered alongside downstream communities, reservoir operations and flood management.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Badagry Creek is part of the connected coastal waterway system. It supports movement and livelihoods, with water quality and cross-border management implications.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Lekki Lagoon receives river inflows including Osun, Shasha and Oni. It is a water, habitat and livelihood system shared across the Lagos–Ogun coastal area.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Shasha belongs to the southwest coastal basin and feeds the lagoon system. Its precise headwaters are not established here.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Esinmirin is a documented headwater river of the Opa reservoir system at Ilé-Ifẹ̀. Use the 2020 ecological study; a separate 2025 Esinmirin water-quality article was retracted.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Eko-Ende is associated with water infrastructure, but a distinct river of this exact name is not established here. Check whether the intended feature is Eko-Ende dam on the Otin system.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Ala flows through Akure in Ondo. It is not the river of the Osun-Osogbo festival; that festival concerns Ọ̀ṣun.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

The specific southwest Ondo river and fishery description remain unverified. Require a local catchment source or coordinates before publishing a mapped watercourse.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

The Ose is associated with Egbe-Ekiti dam in Ekiti. Its exact origin and course require a basin map.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Agodi Gardens is an officially recognized Ibadan visitor site. Treat the lake as part of its managed landscape, not as an undeveloped regional water resource.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Owena multipurpose dam is at Igbara-Oke on the Akure–Ilesa corridor in Ondo. A 2026 study examines microbial risks: location or availability does not establish drinking-water safety.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

An Ekiti lake of this exact name has not been corroborated by the available sources.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Eleyele is a human-made Ibadan water-supply reservoir. Its catchment’s land-use pressures and water quality have been studied; keep usage claims separate from safety claims.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Epe belongs in the coastal lagoon network and fisheries landscape. Its role as a protective “buffer against ocean surge” needs a specific hydrodynamic study.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Kuramo belongs to Lagos’s highly modified coastal lagoon environment. A historical recreation description should not be advertised as a current safe water-sports recommendation.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Apese is a documented small isolated lagoon used in comparative Lagos sediment research. Preserve its distinct identity rather than calling every lagoon an extension of Lagos Lagoon.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

Historical refuge and settlement are legitimate comparative themes, but isolated rock sanctuaries and local ridges are not geographical equivalents of Cuba’s Sierra Maestra range. Keep the comparison historical and non-operational.

Nigeria · Yorùbáland

A comparison of distances to the Atlantic requires defined start and end points and a consistent method, distinguishing straight-line distance from road distance. Comparable measurements are not established here.

A confirming source for this detail has not yet been established.

Benin · Kétou

Kétou in Benin is a living Yorùbá/Nago royal and Gèlèdé centre. Its gates, sacred spaces and community institutions support a cross-border cultural landscape.

Benin · Collines

Dassa-Zoumè’s granite hills connect settlement, sacred landscapes and Idaasha history in central Benin. Government accounts identify Yorùbá connections without erasing local identity.

Benin · Collines

Savè combines prominent hills, Shabè/Nagot language heritage, agriculture and transport connections. Cross-border development should follow actual trade and water systems.

Togo · Plateaux

Atakpamé in Togo is a hill city associated with Ana and Ifè settlement and the Mono plain. Include it as part of the wider cultural network.

Nigeria / Benin / Togo

UNESCO documents Gèlèdé among Yorùbá-Nago communities across Benin, Nigeria and Togo: a firm source for cultural connections that predate and cross modern borders.